方铁：论唐朝统治者的治边思想及对西南边疆的治策 …… 长城小站:《中国长城文献资料数据库》

《论唐朝统治者的治边思想及对西南边疆的治策》
　　　　　On the Tang Dynasty Rulers' Ideas of Ruling Over the Frontier Areas and Their Policies Toward the Southwestern Frontier
作　　者：方铁
　　　　　方铁(1949 - ) , 男, 吉林扶余县人, 云南大学西南边疆民族研究中心教授, 博士生导师, 主要研究方向为中国民族史与
出　　处：云南民族学院学报（哲学社会科学版） 2001年02期
发表时间：2001-03-01
分类号：K242
文　　摘：

唐朝统治边疆取得很大成就,但也存在不足与局限,这与统治者的治边思想及其治策有关.笔者以对西南边疆的统治为例,分析了唐朝统治者治边思想的形成和由此在西南地区施行的治策,进而指出历代王朝的治边思想及治策有一个发展演变的过程,雷同化地予以看待有悖史实.

参考链接：
　　· http://scholar.ilib.cn/Abstract.aspx?A=ynmzxyxb-zxsh20010201 ...
关键词：唐朝治边思想统治政策西南边疆地区
正　　文：

　
唐朝全盛时, 在边疆地区置边州都督府和6 个都护府, 下辖800 余个羁縻府州。唐朝统治边疆取得了很大成就, 但与元明清相比, 唐朝经营边疆的力度与成效又略逊一筹, 这与统治者对治边的认识水平有关。唐朝诸帝, 最为重视边疆与少数民族问 ……

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参考文献：

注　释:
①　(宋) 司马光编著:《资治通鉴》中华书局点校本, 1956 年版。下同。此注①见第13 册, 卷192《唐纪八》武德九年九月丁未条, 第6022 页。
②　《资治通鉴》第13 册卷193 《唐纪九》贞观五年十二月条第6091 页; 卷194《唐纪十》贞观七年十二月甲寅条第6104 页。
③　《资治通鉴》卷197《唐纪十三》贞观十八年二月乙巳条、十二月戊午条, 见第6207、6215 —6216 页。
④　《资治通鉴》卷198《唐纪十四》贞观二十一年五月庚辰条、卷198 《唐纪十四》贞观二十二年二月辛酉条, 见第6247、6253 页。
⑤　(唐) 吴兢编撰: 《贞观政要》, 中华书局聚珍仿宋版印本卷9《议安边》。
⑥　参见马大正主编:《中国古代边疆政策研究》, 中国社会科学出版社1990 年版第151 页。
⑦　《资治通鉴》第14 册卷206《唐纪二十二》神功元年闰十月甲寅条, 第6524 页。
⑧　(唐) 杜佑撰:《通典》, 中华书局点校本1988 年版。下同。此注见第1007 页卷188《边防四·海南序略》。
⑨　(后晋) 刘煦等撰: 《旧唐书》中华书局点校本, 1975 年版。下同。此注见第9 册第2940 —2941 页卷91《张柬之传》。
⑩　《旧唐书》第3 册卷19 上《懿宗纪》第652 页。
[11]　《资治通鉴》第13 册卷197《唐纪十三》贞观十七年闰六月条第6201 页。
[12] 《资治通鉴》第13 册6149 页卷195《唐纪十一》贞观十三年七月条, 同书第6076 页卷193《唐纪九》贞观四年四月条。(宋)
[13] 欧阳修等撰: 《新唐书》中华书局点校本1975 年版, 第19 册6037 页卷215 上《突厥传》。参见刘泽华主编: 《中国政治思想史》, 浙江人民出版社1996年版“隋唐宋元明清”卷, 第13 页、69 页。
[14]　《通典》卷171《州郡序》, 见第907 页。
[15] 　《通典》卷185《边防一·边防序》, 见第985 页。
[16] 　《资治通鉴》第16 册卷233《唐纪四十九》, 贞元三年八月条第7502、7505 页, 四年四月条第7513 页。

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方ͺ：�͆朝ͳ׎֟�Ŗαࠋ� -- [未验证] Kelle (2025-06-11 23:55:51)

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方ͺ：�͆朝ͳ׎֟�Ŗαࠋ� -- [未验证] Ashley (2025-05-23 09:41:10)

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方ͺ：�͆朝ͳ׎֟�Ŗαࠋ� -- [未验证] Wyatt (2025-05-23 04:27:55)

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方ͺ：�͆朝ͳ׎֟�Ŗαࠋ� -- [未验证] Carla (2025-05-19 18:24:03)

Ionogramme sanguin anormal (r�tention de sodium,
chlorure, potassium, calcium, phosphate inorganique et d'eau) lors
de traitement � forte dose et/ou prolong�. TESTAVAN
20 mg/g, gel transdermique est destin� � l'utilisation chez l'homme uniquement.

Les produits � base d'alcool, y compris TESTAVAN 20 mg/g, gel transdermique,
sont inflammables ; par cons�quent, il convient d'�viter de s'approcher du feu,
des flammes, ou de fumer jusqu'� ce que le gel ait s�ch�.
Ce m�dicament contient 538,70 mg d�alcool (�thanol), dans chaque dose de 1,15 g, ce qui �quivaut � 468,
forty mg/g (46,eighty four % v/v).
La testost�rone, obtenue par clivage de la liaison ester de l�und�canoate de testost�rone est
m�tabolis�e et excr�t�e de la m�me mani�re que la testost�rone endog�ne.

L�acide und�cano�que est m�tabolis� par
β-oxydation de la m�me mani�re que les autres acides carboxyliques aliphatiques.
Les principaux m�tabolites actifs de la testost�rone sont l��stradiol et la dihydrotestost�rone.

La variabilit� intra et inter-individuelle m�diane (coefficient
de variation, %) des valeurs Quelle Quantit� De Test Cypionate Par Semaine En Musculation Cmin a �t� respectivement de 22 % (9-28 %) et de 34 % (25-48
%). En fonction de l�organe cible, le spectre d�activit� de la testost�rone
est principalement androg�nique (par exemple prostate, v�sicules s�minales, �pididyme) ou anabolisant protidique (muscles,
os, h�matopo��se, reins, foie). L�und�canoate de testost�rone est un ester d�un androg�ne naturel, la
testost�rone.
Pour cela, vous pouvez adopter des techniques de relaxation comme la
m閐itation, faire des promenades dans la nature, and so forth.

Ces r閟ultats sugg鑢ent que les hommes atteints d’hypogonadisme mis
sous androg閚oth閞apie normalisent le taux de testost閞one, mais peu
d’effets sur le taux de PSA ont 閠� not閟.

Le l�trozole n�a pas �t� �tudi� chez un nombre suffisant de patientes
dont la clairance de la cr�atinine �tait inf�rieure �
10 ml/min.
LETROZOLE BIOGARAN est contre-indiqu� pendant la grossesse (voir rubriques 4.three
et 5.3). Les patientes pr�sentant une intol�rance au galactose,
un d�ficit whole en lactase ou un syndrome de
malabsorption du glucose et du galactose (maladies
h�r�ditaires rares) ne doivent pas prendre ce m�dicament.
Ce m�dicament contient moins de 1 mmol (23 mg) de sodium par comprim�, c�est-�-dire qu�il est
essentiellement � sans sodium �. Flacon en verre brun muni
d�un bouchon d'injection en bromobutyle scell� par
un capuchon amovible en aluminium avec un disque en plastique orange.
Les hormones sexuelles sont connues pour faciliter le
d�veloppement de certaines tumeurs induites par
des brokers carcinog�nes connus. Le terme MedDRA le
plus appropri� pour d�crire une certaine r�action ind�sirable est list�.

Aucune adaptation posologique de LETROZOLE SANDOZ n�est
n�cessaire chez les patientes pr�sentant une insuffisance h�patique l�g�re �
mod�r�e (classe A ou B de Child-Pugh). Une douche prise entre 1 heure et 2 heures apr�s l'administration de TESTAVAN 20 mg/g,
gel transdermique a diminu� la Cm respectivement de 19,2% et
de 14,3%, compar� aux sufferers n'ayant pas pris de douche apr�s
l'administration de TESTAVAN 20 mg/g, gel transdermique.

Une douche prise 6 heures apr�s l'administration de TESTAVAN 20
mg/g, gel transdermique n'a pas entra�n� de diminution de la Cm.

Cependant, la diminution des valeurs physiologiques de testost�rone avec l��ge doit �tre prise
en compte (voir rubrique ‎4.4). Cette 閠ude pourrait donc bien introduire un nouveau commonplace th閞apeutique
pour tous les hommes touch閟 par un cancer de prostate oligom閠astatique.
Leur qualit� de vie serait alors conserv閑
plus longtemps, et la pathologie mieux contr鬺閑. D閘ivrer une radioth閞apie
dans le cadre du traitement du cancer de la prostate
oligom閠astatique offrirait un meilleur contr鬺e de la maladie, ainsi que de bons r閟ultats sur le lengthy terme.

La testost閞one est 間alement utilis閑 comme traitement
hormonal substitutif pour les personnes transmasculines.

Ce traitement peut 阾re prescrit par un endocrinologue ou un gyn閏ologue et
l'ordonnance peut ensuite 阾re renouvel閑 par un g閚閞aliste.

Elle peut 阾re prescrite ind閜endamment du marqueur de genre du patient (1 ou
2 sur la carte vitale)[58]. L'injection intramusculaire d'閚anthate de
testost閞one est efficace durant deux � trois semaines[51] mais les injections peuvent 阾re douloureuses.

Lors d’une stimulation sexuelle, le cerveau lib鑢e de
la testost閞one qui agit au niveau des corps caverneux du p閚is.
Ces tissus 閞ectiles se gorgent alors de sang, entra頽ant le durcissement du p閚is.

Lorsque ceux-ci sont 閘ev閟, l’homme ressent g閚閞alement une pulsion sexuelle intense.
� l’inverse, une carence en testost閞one peut conduire �
une baisse marqu閑 de la libido. En effet, cette hormone affect
non seulement la sexualit�, mais 間alement le d関eloppement musculaire,
la densit� osseuse, l’humeur et les fonctions cognitives.

La testost閞one est souvent associ閑 � la masculinit�
et joue un r鬺e cl� dans le d関eloppement et le maintien des caract閞istiques
sexuelles masculines. Elle est responsable de la croissance des poils du visage et du corps, de la densit� osseuse,
de la libido, de la manufacturing de spermatozo飀es et de la
masse musculaire chez les hommes. La testost閞one masculine joue un r鬺e crucial dans le d関eloppement et le
maintien des caract閞istiques sexuelles masculines,
comme la croissance des poils du visage et du corps, la production de sperme
et la masse musculaire. Elle a 間alement un influence sur l’humeur, l’閚ergie, la libido et la sant�
osseuse. Vous devez 間alement prendre en compte votre 鈍e, ainsi que la fa鏾n dont vous vous
sentez physiquement et 閙otionnellement. Tant que vous
ne souffrez d’aucun sympt鬽e de baisse de testost閞one, votre taux de testost閞one est probablement bon,
m阭e si votre taux de testost閞one se situe dans la partie basse de la normale.
La testost閞one libre est la mesure de – vous l’avez
devin� – la testost閞one libre (qui inclut souvent aussi la
testost閞one li閑 � l’albumine automobile elle peut facilement se
convertir en T libre).
La pr関alence de l’utilisation de st閞o飀esanabolisants-androg鑞es (SAA) est en augmentation depuis de nombreuses
ann閑s, notamment par leur facilit� d’achat. Compte tenu des
impacts de la prise de st閞o飀es anabolisants, de l’association � d’autres toxiques,
et du d関eloppement d’addictions,la prise de ces substances repr閟ente un probl鑝e de sant� publique.
Il existe un enjeu de pr関ention par les professionnels de
sant�, et 間alement une n閏essit� d’accompagnement et d’aide au
sevrage.
Malheureusement, de nombreux laboratoires ne d閏omposent pas les
plages de r閒閞ence par 鈍e. Cependant, des 閠udes ont 閠� r閍lis閑s dans lesquelles les chercheurs font exactement cela.
Le deuxi鑝e probl鑝e est que les chiffres que vous obtenez en retour des tests de testost閞one ne tiennent pas compte de votre sensibilit�
individuelle aux androg鑞es, un sujet dont j’ai discut� avec
l’oncologue Chris Ryan sur le podcast.

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方ͺ：�͆朝ͳ׎֟�Ŗαࠋ� -- [未验证] Osvaldo (2025-05-19 09:08:01)

By correcting her thyroid operate, improving her diet status,
getting her stress levels down, and supporting healthy digestion, she was capable of
get well her period. She was also able to steadiness her mood, boost her vitality
levels, and eliminate her confidence-sabotaging zits all
without needing to go back on the tablet. Staying connected with pals, family,
or assist groups also can provide emotional stability.
Often discussing your psychological well being together with your healthcare provider can ensure that you
receive the support you need throughout this time.

When you introduce exterior testosterone, your levels of LH and GnRH can drop as a outcome
of your physique thinks it would not have to make any more testosterone on its own. This can lead to your testes not functioning as they need to, particularly if
you stop TRT abruptly.
Whereas testosterone is typically considered a male hormone, girls produce small quantities of it
in their ovaries and adrenal glands. When youstop taking testosterone, you may expertise mood adjustments, similar to increasedirritability or mood swings.
It's essential to hunt support from yourhealthcare supplier or a mental health skilled
if you notice significantchanges in your emotional well-being.
If you are considering stopping testosterone remedy or have
already done so,you may be questioning if your testicles will develop again. This is a commonconcern amongst individuals who've undergone hormone therapy, and
in thisblog, we are going to discover the subject in detail.

Yes, stopping TRT all of a sudden may cause your symptoms to return rapidly
and might lead to different health points. Medicines that work
together with Arimidex may both decrease its impact, have an effect on how long it actually works, improve unwanted facet effects, or have much less of an effect when taken with Arimidex.
All The Time consult your healthcare provider to ensure the knowledge
displayed on this web page applies to your personal circumstances.
Provera is used for irregular uterine bleeding, amenorrhea, birth control, endometrial cancer ...
You can feel the optimistic effects of the process and notice that you are pleased with the results and not must additional the therapy.
Unfortunately, you'll have to proceed with the treatment to
make sure that the positive advantages of the therapy remain constant.

Following a well-structured PCT protocol and implementing
lifestyle changes can support the physique's natural recovery process.

It might take a quantity of weeks or even months for testosterone levels to return to regular, so patience is key.

Lastly, age can also play a role in how quickly testosterone ranges normalize after a cycle.

Due To This Fact, older people might experience a slower recovery time compared to younger people.
Testosterone treatment can result in a number of bodily modifications
in transgender males, one of the most distinguished being the deepening of the voice.

This vocal change is the outcomes of increased vocal cord thickness and lengthening of
the vocal folds.
For transgender men or different individuals assigned feminine at start who are taking testosterone, it’s necessary to understand that testosterone
just isn't a contraception technique. Even though testosterone therapy could scale back
the chance of pregnancy, it doesn't absolutely cease the chances.
This is why medical experts usually recommend utilizing other types of contraception if someone on testosterone doesn't want to become pregnant.
For transgender men who want to have kids
sooner or later, it’s essential to discuss fertility preservation options with a healthcare provider
before starting testosterone therapy. Options corresponding to egg freezing can permit them to
protect their fertility before present process hormone remedy.
Moreover, testosterone remedy can impact the balance of other reproductive hormones, corresponding to estrogen and progesterone,
that are needed for sustaining a healthy menstrual cycle and supporting being pregnant.
Disruptions in these hormones might not solely make
it tough to conceive but also can lead to
different health points related to the reproductive system, such as
polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS).
The dosage and duration of the cycle can even impact the time it takes
for testosterone levels to return to normal.
Larger doses and longer cycles can result in extra important imbalances
in hormone levels and will require an extended restoration interval.

Additionally, people who've used testosterone or different anabolic steroids for an prolonged time
period might experience a more prolonged restoration as their body
adjusts to functioning with out these substances. When contemplating starting testosterone remedy,
many individuals fear about how it may have an effect
on their ability to have kids. Males might surprise if the remedy will make them infertile, and women may ask if it'll intervene with their
capacity to conceive.
Again, it is essential to work together with your healthcare supplier to see if
Enclomiphene is an appropriate option for you.
When you begin testosterone substitute remedy (TRT), your physique's
natural hormonal feedback system gets a little bit of a shake-up.
Normally, your hypothalamus releases a hormone called GnRH, which is a possible long term effect of steroid use (jobsnnaukri.com) tells your pituitary gland to ship out luteinizing hormone (LH).
But if you're getting testosterone from exterior sources, like injections or patches,
your body thinks it has enough and slows down its personal manufacturing.
It Is like your body's thermostat will get tricked into pondering
it's already heat enough, so it stops turning on the heat.

This disruption means that whenever you ultimately stop TRT, your physique's pure hormone production doesn't simply snap back to normal.
When transgender ladies bear testosterone HRT, the introduction of testosterone suppresses the production of estrogen and progesterone.

I started taking low dose testosterone about 7 months ago and my interval stopped after my first injection (thankfully).
I Am presently again at my mother or father's place for the summer season and since
I'm not out to them yet and didn't want to danger them
seeing a bunch of needles, I've stopped taking t. I've now
been off it for a month now and am beginning to get careworn about my
interval coming back, and I in all probability won't be succesful of get again on it
till a few more months. Dysphoria hasn't been that unhealthy regardless of the fixed (albeit
unintentional) misgendering by my household, but the thought of getting my interval again is
sort of freaking me out. For some ladies, ovulation is
a reasonably obvious prevalence every month if you're off
birth control. "Those who can [detect ovulation] might really feel twinges of discomfort for a couple of hours, have increased vaginal secretions that are slippery and clear, and will even feel additional aroused," explains Dweck.

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