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《金长城研究概述》

　　　　　A Summary of the Studies on Jin Chang Cheng(金长城)
作　　者：孙文政
　　　　　齐齐哈尔市社会科学院研究员,地址:齐齐哈尔市,邮编161005
出　　处：中国边疆史地研究 第20卷　第1期
发表时间：2010-03-00
分 类 号：K246.4;K878
文　　摘：
金长城又称金界壕、边堡,是金朝为防御蒙古等少数民族而修筑的军事防御工程,是中国万里长城的重要组成部分,在中国长城文化史上占有重要地位。近代对金长城的研究,始自清末民初,国学大师王国维开我国金长城研究之先河,自王国维《金界壕考》以来, ①关于金长城的研究始终没有间断,中外学者从不同的角度对金长城进行了多方面研究,笔者试将已有的研究成果进行回顾,以便于学术界对金长城做进一步研究。
关 键 词：长城 金界壕 界壕边堡 金代 王国维 成吉思汗 研究金 建筑结构 军
正　　文：
　　金长城又称金界壕、边堡,是金朝为防御蒙古等少数民族而修筑的军事防御工程,是中国万里长城的重要组成部分,在中国长城文化史上占有重要地位。近代对金长城的研究,始自清末民初,国学大师王国维开我国金长城研究之先河,自王国维《金界壕考》以来, ① ……
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参考文献：
参考文献：
第1页
①王国维:《观堂集林》,中华书局1959年版。
②③⑾参见《金史》卷24《地理志上》
④参见《金史》卷63《党怀英传》。
⑤参见《金史》卷93《宗浩传》。
⑥参见《金史》卷93《独吉思忠传》。
⑦参见《金史》卷93《仆散揆传》。
⑧参见《金史》卷94《完颜襄传》。
⑨参见《金史》卷44《兵志》。
⑽参见《金史》卷《张炜传》。
⑿贾敬颜:《五代宋金元人边疆行记十三种疏证稿》,中华书局2004年版,第343页。
⒀王恽:《中堂事记》(丛书集成初编) ,商务印书馆中华民国二十五年版,第50页。
⒁赵珙:《蒙达备录》,《续修四库全书》影印版,第521页。
⒂参见景爱:《金史研究综述》,《史学史研究》1995年第1期。

第2页
①《元史》卷121《速不台传》。
②王国维:《观堂集林》,第712页。
③黄彭年主编:《畿辅通志》,河北人民出版社1985年版,第165页。
④田虎:《元史译文证补校注》,河北人民出版社1990年版,第2页。
⑤西清:《黑龙江外记》,商务印书馆中华民国二十五年十二月初版,第16页。
⑥屠寄:《黑龙江舆图》(辽海丛书本) ,辽沈书社1985年版,第1028页。
⑦屠寄:《黑龙江舆图》(辽海丛书本) ,辽沈书社1985年版,第1028页。
⑧黑龙江省博物馆:《金东北路界壕边堡调查》,《考古》1961年5期。
⑨屠寄:《蒙兀儿史记》,第16、17页。

第3页
①王国维:《观堂集林》,第712页。
②李文信:《金临潢路界壕边堡址》,《李文信考古文集》,辽宁人民出版社1992年版。
③寿鹏飞:《历代长城考》,龙门书店1987年影印版,第16页。
④寿鹏飞:《历代长城考》,第16页。
⑤参见金毓黻:《静晤室日记》,辽沈书社1993年版,第162页。
⑥金毓黻:《东北通史》,《社会科学战线》杂志社1980年印,第429页。

第4页
①孟定恭:《布特哈志略》(辽海丛书本) ,辽沈书社1985年版,第2500页。
②张家璠:《呼伦贝尔志》,黑龙江人民出版社2006年版,第2068页。
③④参见黑龙江省博物馆:《金东北路界壕边堡调查》,《考古》1961年5期。
⑤贾洲杰:《金代长城》,文物编辑委员会编:《中国长城遗迹调查报告集》文物出版社1981年版,第76页。
⑥参见庞志国:《金东北路、临潢路吉林省段界壕边堡调查》,《中国长城调查报告集》,第84页。
⑦孙秀仁:《关于金长城的研究与相关问题》,《北方文物》2007年第2期。
⑧参见张伯忠:《吐列毛杜古城调查试掘报告———兼论金代东北路界壕》,《文物》1982年第7期。
⑨参见哲理木盟博物馆:《内蒙古霍林河矿区金代界壕边堡发掘报告》,《考古》1984年第2期。

第5页
①②　项春松:《巴林左旗金代临潢路边堡界壕踏查记》,《北方文物》1987年第2期。
③刘建华:《河北省金代长城》,《北方文物》1990年第4期。
④田淑华:《承德地区金代长城调查与考略》,鲍春海、王禹浪主编:《辽金史论丛》,哈尔滨出版社1995
年版,第317页。
⑤达茂旗文物管理所:《达茂旗境内的金代边堡界壕》,《内蒙古文物考古》2000年第1期。
⑥克什克腾旗博物馆:《克什克腾旗金代界壕边堡调查》,《内蒙古文物考古》1991年第1期。
⑦赵玉明:《岭东金代长城调查》,《内蒙古社会科学》1993年第1期。
⑧贾洲杰:《金代长城初议》,《内蒙古大学学报》1979年第3、4期合刊。
⑨参见贾洲杰:《金代长城》,《中国长城遗迹调查报告集》,文物出版社1981年版,第77页。
⑩彭占杰:《金代长城初论———兼论金界壕考》,《辽金史论集》,社会科学文献出版社2001年版,第347页。

第6页
①冯永谦:《东北古代长城考辨》,《东北亚历史与文化》,辽沈书社1991年版,第40页。
②米文平:《岭北长城考》,《呼伦贝尔文物》1991年第1期。
③罗哲文:《万里长城》,文物出版社1980年版,第2页。
④参见李逸友:《中国北方长城考》,《内蒙古文物考古》2001年第1期。
⑤参见景爱:《走出长城的误区》,《中国文物报》2004年1月30日。
⑥景爱:《再说金界壕不是长城》,《中国文物报》2004年4月2日。
⑦吉人:《是不同认识还是走入误区》,《中国文物报》2004年2月20日。

第7页
①冯永谦:《如何认识长城———关于走出长城的误区的几点不同意见》,《中国文物报》2004年3月26日。
②李文龙:《金边壕不是长城吗?》,《中国文物报》2004年5月21日。
③参见冯永谦:《界壕与长城三题》,《辽金契丹女真史研究》总34期, 2004年。
④参见彭占杰:《略述家乡五百里段金长城》,《辽金契丹女真史研究》总34期, 2004年。
⑤参见邹向前:《金界壕遗址黑龙江段的保护利用》,《辽金契丹女真史研究》总34期, 2004年。
⑥李丕华:《蒙古高原边墙考》,《辽金契丹女真史研究》总34期, 2004年。
⑦参见孙文政、辛健:《金界壕长城边堡称谓综述》,《辽金契丹女真史研究》总34期, 2004年。
⑧董耀会:《中国世界文化遗产———长城》,中国长城学会,第9页。
⑨孙文政:《金界壕边堡遗址为世界文化遗产考述》,《鹤城社科》2006年第3期。
⑩参见冯永谦:《金长城的考古发现与研究》,《鹤城政协》2006年第4期。
⑾成大林:《慎说金界壕不是长城》,《鹤城政协》2006年第4期。
⑿参见董耀会:《金长城的建置、戍防及后勤保障之探讨》,《鹤城政协》2006年第6期。

第8页
①参见彭占杰:《论金东北路长城及金长城线出土之官印》,《鹤城政协》2006年第4期。
②参见傅惟光:《金代长城中国第二万里长城》,《鹤城政协》2006年第4期
③参见张志良、杨玉清:《金长城考》,《鹤城政协》2006年第5期。
④孙秀仁:《关于金长城(界壕边堡)的研究与相关问题》,《北方文物》2007年第2期。
⑤孙文政:《金东北路界壕边堡建筑时间考》,《东北史地》2008年第3期。
⑥李鸿宾:《金界壕与长城》,《中国边疆史地研究》2008年第3期。
⑦黄凤岐:《长城•金代长城摭议》,《鹤城政协》2006年第6期。
⑧[苏]包诺索夫著、胡秀杰译:《成吉思汗边墙初步调查》,《黑龙江考古民族资料译文集》第1辑, 1991年,第71页。

第9页
① [苏]包诺索夫著、胡秀杰译:《北部乌尔科古代边墙》,《黑龙江考古民族资料译文集》第1辑, 1991
年,第75页。
② [日]津田左右吉:《金代北边考》,《满蒙地理历史研究报告》4册, 1918年4月。参见刘蒲江:《二十
世纪辽金史论著目录》,上海辞书出版社2003年版,第329页。
③ [日]长谷川兼太郎:《柳条边墙与金边堡》,《同仁》第12卷5、7号, 1938年。参见刘蒲江:《二十世
纪辽金史论著目录》,第329页。
④参见李文信:《李文信考古文集》,辽宁人民出版社1992年版,第259页。
⑤ [日]外山军治著,李东源译:《金朝史研究》,黑龙江朝鲜民族出版社1988年版,第345、347页。
⑥ [法]闵宣化著、冯承钧译:《东、蒙古辽代旧城探考记》,中华书局2004年版,第56 页。
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Proper rest and recovery are also important for stopping overtraining and injury.

For these seeking to pack on severe measurement, the mix of Dianabol, Deca-Durabolin, and
testosterone can be an effective possibility.

This stack supplies a potent anabolic environment while additionally
promoting joint assist and restoration. This mental
and emotional influence can be highly useful for taking benefit of the physical gains the steroid supplies.
The undeniable fact stays – no quantity of Dianabol tablets for bodybuilding
or hours spent on the gym will get you the desired consequence if your
dietary habits are off track. Even Dbol, with all of its muscle-gain reputation, necessitates the backing of a properly aligned food regimen.
Nonetheless, even with break up doses, fluctuations in blood ranges nonetheless happen. Taking
the total daily dose directly can lead to higher peak ranges, which can be timed around coaching for max impact.

You can bulk up by as much as 20lbs in only a few weeks on this stuff, relying on how much you are taking and what you eat.
It’s the go-to steroid for bulking up in the course of
the off-season, and you’ll notice a big jump in your strength too.

Personal data simply break by way of in your first Dbol cycle;
you’ll really feel like an absolute monster with the burden you can now lift.
Yes — Dianabol can be used as a standalone compound, significantly for novices who are cautious about injections
or wish to run a short oral-only cycle. Most standalone
Dianabol cycles last 4–6 weeks, usually dosed between 20–40mg per day.
Because Dianabol is a C17-alpha alkylated oral steroid, it places stress on the liver.
Prolonged or high-dose use could elevate ALT/AST enzymes and
improve the risk of liver injury. With dedicated training and proper dieting, attaining substantial size gains, even up to
20 kilos, within a number of weeks is completely possible.
Since a Dianabol cycle usually lasts no longer than 6 weeks, important adjustments and outcomes can be
anticipated inside that quick timeframe.
It additionally causes and increase in bodily efficiency, giving you a
large surge of efficiency on the gym – especially when using heavier weights and lower
reps for muscle-building. Post-cycle therapy (PCT) is crucial after completing a Dianabol
cycle to assist restore natural hormonal stability and mitigate
unwanted side effects. PCT often includes
drugs like selective estrogen receptor modulators (SERMs) or aromatase inhibitors, which help normalize
testosterone ranges and counteract estrogenic effects.


An anabolic steroid that’s swept the health business off its ft,
Dianabol, to offer it its full name—Metandienone—pioneered its method into the scene within the Sixties.
The brainchild of Dr. John Ziegler, the purpose behind its creation was to
supply a competitive edge to the US Olympic team over their Soviet rivals.

Simultaneously, it was also launched to the basic public to assist fight points like sluggish progress in children and
treatment of sure ailments that deteriorate muscles. Comprising a novel
chemical structure, this oral steroid goals to strike a stability
between providing important muscle positive aspects whereas
preserving water retention as little as potential.
So, including water weight, which is particularly noticeable
at the start of the cycle, don’t be afraid to goal for a 30 lbs weight achieve from a standard
Dbol cycle. Once the water weight is gone or decreased considerably,
increased muscle definition will become prominent, and your total muscle mass
achieve can easily be in the 15-20lbs vary – sometimes more.

Dbol additionally increases muscle endurance, allowing you to train tougher and
for longer periods of time. This is a steroid that has been used
for many years, so lots of of 1000's of customers have shared their results and experiences a method or another.
That mentioned, Dianabol may help make dropping fat easier whereas using it,
even if it’s not your major goal. As A Result Of Dbol is extremely anabolic, it's going
to enhance your metabolism somehow.
Whereas it could be effective for muscle progress, the risks often outweigh the advantages.
This stack is good for bulking cycles, because it promotes vital muscle progress while maintaining estrogen ranges
in verify. It Is necessary to incorporate an aromatase inhibitor (AI)
like Arimidex to manage potential estrogen-related unwanted facet effects.


There are a number of other milder steroids extra suited for
female use, corresponding to Anavar and Winstrol.
In some circumstances, women have bought what they believed was Anavar,
but a suspect lab has substituted it with the cheaper Dbol.
Dianabol is extensively obtainable, low-cost, and usually simple to
search out in top quality. There’s hardly a steroid supplier out there who
doesn’t stock Dianabol as a result of this
could be a fixed best-seller that’s at all times in demand.
If we could collect all of the positive evaluations of Dianabol,
it could fill a hundred cellphone books. This isn’t stunning when you realize that Dianabol has been used for
decades by a number of the world’s greatest bodybuilders
– constructive outcomes are expected. Useless to say, this can be a
steroid with pronounced androgenic effects that typically should be prevented by females except she is pleased to tolerate the unwanted
aspect effects.
Trenbolone is a dry steroid that doesn’t aromatize or convert to estrogen; thus, the danger of water retention is eliminated.
For this purpose, trenbolone’s thought of the superior steroid in regard to aesthetics.
One examine showed that ex-steroid customers had much less subcutaneous fat mass, possibly as
a result of fat-burning effects of steroids. Not only does Dianabol have a low affinity
when converting to DHT, but hair loss can be determined by genetics, so taking
steroids doesn’t essentially guarantee balding. We see individuals
with blessed genetics take androgenic steroids for years and nonetheless keep their
hair. SERMs are capable of restoring testosterone levels post-steroids, with tamoxifen and clomiphene being the most effective choices in our
expertise.
Dianabol and Deca Durabolin (nandrolone) are a potential
combination to stack collectively when bulking.
We have seen women avoid virilization unwanted effects when taking Dianabol in low doses; nevertheless, with trenbolone,
masculinization is more more probably to occur. Thus, there might be not
much benefit in including creatine to your Dianabol cycle.
Nonetheless, there are appreciable drawbacks, as it could amplify a few
of the side effects experienced with Dianabol.
Creatine is a nitrogenous natural acid that's naturally
synthesized within the kidneys, liver, and pancreas.


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̯τ־：���ȑо扛Ɗ& -- [未验证] Shalanda (2025-07-24 00:06:02)
Yet, whereas not ideal for large mass—with its muscle retaining and fats shedding effects it makes
it a perfect cutting steroid. In most nations, using anabolic steroids such as Primo for efficiency enhancement is allowed with no prescription. A typical PCT
entails using medicines normally within the SERM (Selective Estrogen Receptor Modulator) class, which work to
kickstart natural testosterone regeneration.
Oxandrolone has a 17-alpha-alkylated property, permitting it to
cross via the liver with out breaking down, potentially leading to liver toxicity.
Elevated liver enzyme levels mirror this strain on the liver, which may pose severe health risks if left unaddressed.

To mitigate liver toxicity, customers ought
to keep a comparatively low every day dosage and restrict the cycle
length to under eight weeks. Furthermore, incorporating liver help dietary
supplements like milk thistle or N-acetylcysteine might help alleviate pressure
on the liver. Conversely, a mixed Oxandrolone cycle incorporates the substance right into a broader program
that includes extra performance-enhancing brokers.
This method seeks to maximize performance enhancement while
probably counterbalancing adverse results from using stronger
substances.
One of Anavar’s main advantages is improved restoration and muscular endurance, allowing for elevated coaching depth.
Use this to your benefit by following a well-structured, progressive training program.
PCT is your roadmap to hormonal restoration and long-term success
post-cycle.
While positive aspects differ based mostly on food plan, train routine,
and genetics, a lot of individuals notice that Anavar improves
their capability to raise heavier weights or carry out intense workouts.
Sticking to a constant schedule—taking Anavar at the identical time each day—helps sustain even levels within the
bloodstream. Furthermore, pairing anavar dosage for men with
meals usually helps relieve potential nausea or gastrointestinal upset.
At All Times follow medical recommendation on how and when to
take the steroid, if you’re using it underneath a doctor’s
oversight. Medical purposes typically involve lower doses—for example, two to 4 times day by day in amounts ranging from 2.5mg to 20mg whole per day.
Bodybuilders, however, might take significantly greater doses, anywhere from Anavar
25mg a day up to 100mg or extra.
Anavar’s one of the best steroids for maintaining your pure
testosterone ranges as excessive as potential after a cycle.
However, Anavar still has the potential to reduce your male
hormone production, even when it’s to a small diploma.
Submit cycle remedy (PCT) is recommended after taking Anavar to help restore your natural testosterone production and stop any antagonistic results.
It is essential to seek the assistance of with a healthcare skilled to find out
the suitable PCT for you. The length of Anavar cycle is dependent
upon your goals and expertise with the steroid.
Understanding the appropriate dosage, interval, and cycle is
where the true secret lies. It’s like baking
a perfect cake, the place each ingredient should be in the right proportion. Whether you need
to lose body fat, preserve lean muscle mass, or increase strength, working the Anavar cycle accurately is the necessary thing to
realizing these objectives. By paying consideration to these details, you'll have the ability to create a person recipe for achievement, tailored to your bodybuilding degree, and improve your physique within the healthiest, most
sustainable means.
When deciding between the two forms, it’s necessary to assume about your
personal preferences and comfort stage with injections.
If you’re new to utilizing steroids, you might wish
to begin with the oral kind to get a feel for the way your physique responds to the drug.
Stepping into the world of endurance sports paints a slightly different
image. Endurance athletes – runners, cyclists, swimmers – give attention to stamina and extended performance, with much less emphasis on vital muscle mass positive aspects.
Subsequently, the guideline for its use in endurance sports significantly deviates from
power sports. In essence, Anavar can put
on numerous hats in your bodybuilding regimen, from performing as a kickstarter to turning into an essential a part of combined cycles.

Its mild androgenic profile makes it one of the few steroids usually thought of suitable for feminine
athletes. Typically the 2 most used PCT products for Anavar cycles are Clomid and Nolvadex.
CrazyBulk can also be providing a buy-two-get-one-free
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If you’re utilizing Anavar according to the recommended dosage and for no less
than two months, you want to begin seeing results within the
first few weeks. The sort of results you’d anticipate from a chopping steroid like Anavar is elevated muscle hardness, density and vascularity.
It additionally helps to protect muscle mass when you’re cutting energy, so that you
don’t have to worry about dropping the progress you’ve made.
This treatment is often taken orally, though it can additionally be injected.

You can progressively enhance the dosage as much as 20mg
if you’re comfortable and don’t endure any negative side effects.
First synthesized in the Nineteen Sixties, Anavar was initially introduced underneath the brand name Oxandrolone by G.D.
Prolonged use without medical supervision can lead to unwanted aspect effects like liver pressure, hormone suppression, and lipid imbalance.
If Anavar is being used as half of a bigger
remedy plan—such as with TRT or other hormone therapies—it ought to all the time be monitored with regular bloodwork.

Please notice that the desk above offers basic guidelines and should not be thought of tailor-made recommendation for everybody.


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