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《金长城研究概述》

　　　　　A Summary of the Studies on Jin Chang Cheng(金长城)
作　　者：孙文政
　　　　　齐齐哈尔市社会科学院研究员,地址:齐齐哈尔市,邮编161005
出　　处：中国边疆史地研究 第20卷　第1期
发表时间：2010-03-00
分 类 号：K246.4;K878
文　　摘：
金长城又称金界壕、边堡,是金朝为防御蒙古等少数民族而修筑的军事防御工程,是中国万里长城的重要组成部分,在中国长城文化史上占有重要地位。近代对金长城的研究,始自清末民初,国学大师王国维开我国金长城研究之先河,自王国维《金界壕考》以来, ①关于金长城的研究始终没有间断,中外学者从不同的角度对金长城进行了多方面研究,笔者试将已有的研究成果进行回顾,以便于学术界对金长城做进一步研究。
关 键 词：长城 金界壕 界壕边堡 金代 王国维 成吉思汗 研究金 建筑结构 军
正　　文：
　　金长城又称金界壕、边堡,是金朝为防御蒙古等少数民族而修筑的军事防御工程,是中国万里长城的重要组成部分,在中国长城文化史上占有重要地位。近代对金长城的研究,始自清末民初,国学大师王国维开我国金长城研究之先河,自王国维《金界壕考》以来, ① ……
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参考文献：
参考文献：
第1页
①王国维:《观堂集林》,中华书局1959年版。
②③⑾参见《金史》卷24《地理志上》
④参见《金史》卷63《党怀英传》。
⑤参见《金史》卷93《宗浩传》。
⑥参见《金史》卷93《独吉思忠传》。
⑦参见《金史》卷93《仆散揆传》。
⑧参见《金史》卷94《完颜襄传》。
⑨参见《金史》卷44《兵志》。
⑽参见《金史》卷《张炜传》。
⑿贾敬颜:《五代宋金元人边疆行记十三种疏证稿》,中华书局2004年版,第343页。
⒀王恽:《中堂事记》(丛书集成初编) ,商务印书馆中华民国二十五年版,第50页。
⒁赵珙:《蒙达备录》,《续修四库全书》影印版,第521页。
⒂参见景爱:《金史研究综述》,《史学史研究》1995年第1期。

第2页
①《元史》卷121《速不台传》。
②王国维:《观堂集林》,第712页。
③黄彭年主编:《畿辅通志》,河北人民出版社1985年版,第165页。
④田虎:《元史译文证补校注》,河北人民出版社1990年版,第2页。
⑤西清:《黑龙江外记》,商务印书馆中华民国二十五年十二月初版,第16页。
⑥屠寄:《黑龙江舆图》(辽海丛书本) ,辽沈书社1985年版,第1028页。
⑦屠寄:《黑龙江舆图》(辽海丛书本) ,辽沈书社1985年版,第1028页。
⑧黑龙江省博物馆:《金东北路界壕边堡调查》,《考古》1961年5期。
⑨屠寄:《蒙兀儿史记》,第16、17页。

第3页
①王国维:《观堂集林》,第712页。
②李文信:《金临潢路界壕边堡址》,《李文信考古文集》,辽宁人民出版社1992年版。
③寿鹏飞:《历代长城考》,龙门书店1987年影印版,第16页。
④寿鹏飞:《历代长城考》,第16页。
⑤参见金毓黻:《静晤室日记》,辽沈书社1993年版,第162页。
⑥金毓黻:《东北通史》,《社会科学战线》杂志社1980年印,第429页。

第4页
①孟定恭:《布特哈志略》(辽海丛书本) ,辽沈书社1985年版,第2500页。
②张家璠:《呼伦贝尔志》,黑龙江人民出版社2006年版,第2068页。
③④参见黑龙江省博物馆:《金东北路界壕边堡调查》,《考古》1961年5期。
⑤贾洲杰:《金代长城》,文物编辑委员会编:《中国长城遗迹调查报告集》文物出版社1981年版,第76页。
⑥参见庞志国:《金东北路、临潢路吉林省段界壕边堡调查》,《中国长城调查报告集》,第84页。
⑦孙秀仁:《关于金长城的研究与相关问题》,《北方文物》2007年第2期。
⑧参见张伯忠:《吐列毛杜古城调查试掘报告———兼论金代东北路界壕》,《文物》1982年第7期。
⑨参见哲理木盟博物馆:《内蒙古霍林河矿区金代界壕边堡发掘报告》,《考古》1984年第2期。

第5页
①②　项春松:《巴林左旗金代临潢路边堡界壕踏查记》,《北方文物》1987年第2期。
③刘建华:《河北省金代长城》,《北方文物》1990年第4期。
④田淑华:《承德地区金代长城调查与考略》,鲍春海、王禹浪主编:《辽金史论丛》,哈尔滨出版社1995
年版,第317页。
⑤达茂旗文物管理所:《达茂旗境内的金代边堡界壕》,《内蒙古文物考古》2000年第1期。
⑥克什克腾旗博物馆:《克什克腾旗金代界壕边堡调查》,《内蒙古文物考古》1991年第1期。
⑦赵玉明:《岭东金代长城调查》,《内蒙古社会科学》1993年第1期。
⑧贾洲杰:《金代长城初议》,《内蒙古大学学报》1979年第3、4期合刊。
⑨参见贾洲杰:《金代长城》,《中国长城遗迹调查报告集》,文物出版社1981年版,第77页。
⑩彭占杰:《金代长城初论———兼论金界壕考》,《辽金史论集》,社会科学文献出版社2001年版,第347页。

第6页
①冯永谦:《东北古代长城考辨》,《东北亚历史与文化》,辽沈书社1991年版,第40页。
②米文平:《岭北长城考》,《呼伦贝尔文物》1991年第1期。
③罗哲文:《万里长城》,文物出版社1980年版,第2页。
④参见李逸友:《中国北方长城考》,《内蒙古文物考古》2001年第1期。
⑤参见景爱:《走出长城的误区》,《中国文物报》2004年1月30日。
⑥景爱:《再说金界壕不是长城》,《中国文物报》2004年4月2日。
⑦吉人:《是不同认识还是走入误区》,《中国文物报》2004年2月20日。

第7页
①冯永谦:《如何认识长城———关于走出长城的误区的几点不同意见》,《中国文物报》2004年3月26日。
②李文龙:《金边壕不是长城吗?》,《中国文物报》2004年5月21日。
③参见冯永谦:《界壕与长城三题》,《辽金契丹女真史研究》总34期, 2004年。
④参见彭占杰:《略述家乡五百里段金长城》,《辽金契丹女真史研究》总34期, 2004年。
⑤参见邹向前:《金界壕遗址黑龙江段的保护利用》,《辽金契丹女真史研究》总34期, 2004年。
⑥李丕华:《蒙古高原边墙考》,《辽金契丹女真史研究》总34期, 2004年。
⑦参见孙文政、辛健:《金界壕长城边堡称谓综述》,《辽金契丹女真史研究》总34期, 2004年。
⑧董耀会:《中国世界文化遗产———长城》,中国长城学会,第9页。
⑨孙文政:《金界壕边堡遗址为世界文化遗产考述》,《鹤城社科》2006年第3期。
⑩参见冯永谦:《金长城的考古发现与研究》,《鹤城政协》2006年第4期。
⑾成大林:《慎说金界壕不是长城》,《鹤城政协》2006年第4期。
⑿参见董耀会:《金长城的建置、戍防及后勤保障之探讨》,《鹤城政协》2006年第6期。

第8页
①参见彭占杰:《论金东北路长城及金长城线出土之官印》,《鹤城政协》2006年第4期。
②参见傅惟光:《金代长城中国第二万里长城》,《鹤城政协》2006年第4期
③参见张志良、杨玉清:《金长城考》,《鹤城政协》2006年第5期。
④孙秀仁:《关于金长城(界壕边堡)的研究与相关问题》,《北方文物》2007年第2期。
⑤孙文政:《金东北路界壕边堡建筑时间考》,《东北史地》2008年第3期。
⑥李鸿宾:《金界壕与长城》,《中国边疆史地研究》2008年第3期。
⑦黄凤岐:《长城•金代长城摭议》,《鹤城政协》2006年第6期。
⑧[苏]包诺索夫著、胡秀杰译:《成吉思汗边墙初步调查》,《黑龙江考古民族资料译文集》第1辑, 1991年,第71页。

第9页
① [苏]包诺索夫著、胡秀杰译:《北部乌尔科古代边墙》,《黑龙江考古民族资料译文集》第1辑, 1991
年,第75页。
② [日]津田左右吉:《金代北边考》,《满蒙地理历史研究报告》4册, 1918年4月。参见刘蒲江:《二十
世纪辽金史论著目录》,上海辞书出版社2003年版,第329页。
③ [日]长谷川兼太郎:《柳条边墙与金边堡》,《同仁》第12卷5、7号, 1938年。参见刘蒲江:《二十世
纪辽金史论著目录》,第329页。
④参见李文信:《李文信考古文集》,辽宁人民出版社1992年版,第259页。
⑤ [日]外山军治著,李东源译:《金朝史研究》,黑龙江朝鲜民族出版社1988年版,第345、347页。
⑥ [法]闵宣化著、冯承钧译:《东、蒙古辽代旧城探考记》,中华书局2004年版,第56 页。
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̯τ־???��ȑо??Ɗ& -- [未验证] Waylon (2025-07-25 07:19:02)
Кракен - ты знаешь что это, уже годами проверенный сервис.

Недавно мы запустили p2p обмены и теперь вы
можете обменивать любую сумму для пополнения.

Всегда есть свежая ссылка кракен
через ВПН:
кракен сайт ссылка kraken 11


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̯τ־：���ȑо扛Ɗ& -- [未验证] Roxanna (2025-07-25 00:17:57)
If you_re unable to collect suggestions from skilled customers, it_s essential to
choose a trusted online supply for buying Trenbolone.

Look for web sites that have a professional appearance, clear product descriptions, and secure payment options.
Verify if they've customer critiques or testimonials,
as this can point out their status and reliability.
Trenbolone is a popular anabolic steroid that's used by bodybuilders and athletes to boost muscle
development and efficiency. It is on the market in a number of different types, every with its own unique traits and advantages.
Understanding the totally different types of trenbolone
may help you select the one that's best suited to your
goals and needs. In conclusion, discovering a dependable supply
for Trenbolone steroid is crucial to ensure you are getting a genuine
and high-quality product.
Prioritizing your health and well-being ought to always be
a high priority all through your fitness journey.
Licensed web pharmacies are among the safest selections for acquiring Trenbolone.
These controlled pharmacies need to observe rigorous insurance policies and assure that
the gadgets they carry are authentic and protected.
Many on-line pharmacies will provide Trenbolone in a quantity
of varieties in 2024, so customers will have little bother selecting a medication that matches their necessities.
Before selling steroids, it_s imperative to find out that the
pharmacy needs a prescription, consider customer comments,
and authenticate their credentials. Trenbolone is a managed substance
and is not obtainable for buy legally without a prescription in the
United States.
If you_re a Trenbolone first-timer, examine the information only from trusted
sources. One of your first questions might be can you buy trenbolone on-line and when you can, there
are some things you must do earlier than buying.

Ask around in complement shops, other skilled customers, or specialised forums and blogs.
You have to know how to acknowledge a quality preparation, the means to minimize the danger
of unwanted side effects, and where to get genuine products.
It is extensively regarded as the simplest medicine obtainable at present for increasing power and muscle building.


Business insiders, like coaches of fitness influencers, have talked about that many of these fitness faces use performance boosters like
Tren. Whereas usage isn_t overtly mentioned, it performs
a significant half in these influencers_ health achievements.
Our mission is to simplify your journey of buying Trenbolone online and to sweeten the deal, we offer you
an unique low cost. This quick information is greater than only a set of tips; it_s your complete roadmap for a hassle-free and safe Trenbolone buy in Australia.
If you want to get as much value as attainable for your money, so do
deny something that is low high quality. Evaluation consumer informations so you understand you are caring for someone skilled and likewise respected.

You can try contacting native gyms or bodybuilding communities to inquire about reliable sources.
Additionally, consulting with a healthcare professional or a sports activities nutritionist can provide
guidance on legal and secure alternatives to Trenbolone.

If you live in a rustic where Tren is legally available with
a prescription, the most secure option is purchasing it by way of a licensed pharmacy.
Seek The Advice Of a licensed healthcare provider to
acquire a prescription based mostly in your health needs and fitness goals.

With tren and a take a look at cycle, you can rely on at least 20 and as much as
35 lbs of weight gain. Trenbolone may enhance muscle mass with out water retention, making muscle density significantly
more noticeable than some other anabolic steroids.
All anabolic steroids need to be utilized in cycles, allowing your body an opportunity to remainder and cleanses
itself between steroids dosages. The majority of individuals have eight weeks of Trenbolone
medication as nicely as the lengthiest cycle is 12 weeks. Initial time or brand-new prospects ought to make use of Trenbolone for four weeks up
until they see exactly how their physique reacts and also responds.

To create these extraordinary bodies, some actors admit to
utilizing anabolic steroids like Trenbolone when getting ready for movie roles.

Famend for its potent muscle-building properties, this steroid is administered to animals to reinforce their
progress. The similarities in cell varieties shared between humans and
animals shows why Trenbolone remains extremely sought after by present customers.
This follow could doubtlessly put the well being of unsuspecting shoppers at risk.

Maybe you_ve tried the _legal alternatives_ and located they
fell in need of your expectations. It_s onerous to see well-earned income
poured into products that don_t ship the end result you_re after.

Again, we notice the importance of promptly informing and _studying_ Trenbolone earlier than you go for buying
it on the Web.
When buying Trenbolone or another steroid online, you will want to do thorough analysis and choose a trusted retailer.
Look for retailers which have positive customer evaluations, provide safe cost choices, and supply detailed information about their products.
It is also beneficial to consult with a healthcare professional earlier than using any steroid to
make sure it's safe and applicable on your individual needs.
In conclusion, discovering one of the best mass building steroid sources for Trenbolone online requires
careful research and consideration. It is important to prioritize security, high quality, and reliability when buying this highly effective anabolic steroid.
By looking for recommendations from experienced individuals, on the lookout for third-party testing, and doing thorough analysis,
yow will discover reliable sources that provide genuine Trenbolone.


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̯τ־???��ȑо??Ɗ& -- [未验证] Emerson (2025-07-24 23:32:58)
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̯τ־：���ȑо扛Ɗ& -- [未验证] Aretha (2025-07-24 21:32:46)
Anavar has a comparatively brief half-life — around 9
to 10 hours — which is why many customers select to separate their
every day dosage into two servings. This helps maintain a
more constant level of the drug in your bloodstream,
which can result in smoother performance advantages and fewer side effects.

Muscles continue to grow and turn into extra outlined,
particularly within the shoulders, back, and arms.

However, don’t let that fool you, as a end result of
when Primo’s used appropriately, it can provide you some critical
features. An endocrinologist and nutrition specialist with 20+ years of experience in hormonal and metabolic
well being. He researches the interaction between endocrinology and efficiency enhancement, co-authoring peer-reviewed studies on medical purposes
in bodybuilding.
The cycle may help reduce water retention, which can make your muscular tissues look more defined and improve your overall appearance.
Since Winstrol and Anavar cycles are each effective for chopping, they are
often an excellent method to improve your efficiency.
In this article, we’ll talk about the advantages of utilizing these
two steroids collectively and supply a pattern cycle.

We’ll additionally focus on the cycle dosage, unwanted effects, and safety concerns.
Individuals who've a lot of experience and know lots about how their body reacts to steroids must be the one ones
to attempt such excessive doses. Advanced customers who want to get probably the most out of
their workouts can use a more aggressive exercise.
The daily dose for a complicated cycle is often between 60 and 80 mg, lasting eight to 12 weeks.

Obviously, the steroid doesn’t work miracles, so
when you really wish to see the results of Primobolan you’ll need to ensure
you’re doing loads of cardio, coaching proper,
and consuming the proper meals. Arnold is rumoured to be
one of many nice bodybuilders who used primo,
helping him to turn out to be the best Mr Olympia champion of all time.
Careful consideration to PCT is crucial after an Anavar Testosterone cycle
to revive pure hormonal balance and protect the outcomes achieved.


And for many of us, that’s what we’ll be constructing a cycle around as a result of HGH
will take what your steroids do to a different stage. Most males will take
4-6iu day by day for best physique outcomes, with girls only needing a lower dose to get some good
muscle, restoration, and fat loss results. For new customers of Anavar,
itis beneficial to start with a conservative cycle to evaluate individualtolerance
and response. A typical cycle for novices may
last around 6-8weeks, with a every day dosage ranging from 20 to 40
milligrams.
I was having trouble discovering details about if taking anavar firstly of the bigger check cycle is advisable?
I hold seeing individuals taking it close to the top of the cycle and wanted to know
if anybody had any information about starting it earlier,
like in the 2nd week of my cycle. Considering the gentle effects of Oxandrolone,
it’s crucial to acknowledge that modifications over a brief duration won’t be
dramatic or drastic, however they may lay the muse for
future progress. Some users prefer using Testosterone Enanthate or
Testosterone Cypionate alongside Anavar for a
balanced bulking or recomposition phase. A typical newbie Anavar Testosterone cycle might
involve 250 mg to four hundred mg of Testosterone Enanthate per week mixed with 30 mg to 50 mg of Anavar day by day for six to eight weeks.

While dosage guidelines for Anavar cycles for men may appear straightforward on paper,
real-world experiences typically differ. Many males encounter challenges sourcing genuine Anavar as a outcome of widespread counterfeiting.

Nonetheless, you will need to remember that individual resultscan differ primarily based on factors corresponding
to genetics, food regimen, train regimen, and overalladherence to the cycle.
One compelling cause to check before and after outcomes includes Oxandrolone’s potential impact on muscle improvement.
Whereas it isn’t essentially the most potent anabolic steroid obtainable,
it’s renowned for helping athletes build lean muscle mass and improve strength.
Observing the physical transformations, like muscle
development and fat loss, can provide a tangible understanding of how Oxandrolone functions in bodybuilding cycles.
Anavar (Oxandrolone) is a light oral anabolic steroid typically used for Anavar cycle cutting cycles
and lean muscle retention. A main use of Oxandrolone among female bodybuilders
is for cutting cycles.
These changes, predominantly positive, could be straightforwardly seen, thus providing an understanding
of how this anabolic steroid influences one’s pursuit of fitness objectives.

Clenbuterol has additionally been proven to exhibit anabolic results
in animal research. However, anecdotally, we do not see the
identical muscle-building properties in humans.
Thus, an Anavar and clenbuterol cycle may enhance fat loss whereas reasonably increasing muscle hypertrophy and energy.
Nevertheless, Andriol doesn't trigger any notable hepatic pressure, based on long-term
analysis.
The intensity of the next antagonistic results vary amongst customers and is influenced by genetics, coaching, diet,
dosage, and duration of cycle. When your physique fat share is extremely low, your body will
do everything it could possibly to safeguard the remaining body
fats. As A Result Of physique fat is essential for survival
and is required to maintain important organs similar to the heart and promote
good mind perform, your body will do every thing it could to guard
the remaining body fat. Once you reach a physique fat percentage of nine percent or
much less, it is no longer advantageous in your physique to retain muscle.
As a end result, your physique enters survival mode and
begins to make use of muscle as gas instead of body fats.
There is at all times a direct affiliation between enhanced strength,
dimension, and gym efficiency and elevated testosterone levels.


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̯τ־：���ȑо扛Ɗ& -- [未验证] Bennett (2025-07-24 21:02:52)
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̯τ־???��ȑо??Ɗ& -- [未验证] Malcolm (2025-07-24 16:03:30)
iԁ="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Search гesults

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̯τ־：���ȑо扛Ɗ& -- [未验证] Roberta (2025-07-24 15:09:14)
Analysis has demonstrated that strength coaching
instantly earlier than high-intensity endurance workouts impaired endurance performance.

Power training reduced measures associated to muscle strength and pressure; decreased glycogen in the muscle (stored energy) can also have affected endurance.
These within the study turned exhausted quicker throughout a cycling take a look at when the endurance exercise came after
power coaching compared with when the cardio was done alone.
On days when doing both cardio and resistance training makes the most sense for you, these tweaks could make each exercise more effective.
It Is essential to listen to your body quite than push
yourself too onerous. You won't lose your whole power
or endurance features simply because you've skipped a workout or two.

If you are attempting to enhance your athletic efficiency, give
consideration to exercises that will improve your power and pace.
After eight weeks, you should take a break from using Dianabol to
allow your body to recover. When used as a pre-workout supplement, Dianabol may help you
are taking your exercises to the next stage.

This is because Dianabol may help to extend your strength and power, permitting you to push
your self harder during your workout. In this blog post,
we will focus on how Dianabol works for Pre-workout
and how you have to use it to get probably the most
out of your exercises. Additionally, for the newest scientific findings on steroid safety and performance enhancement, visit this respected external
link.
This timing can be advantageous for people who search enhanced performance during intense training periods, such
as weightlifting or high-intensity interval training (HIIT).
Nevertheless, it is important to note that Dbol is unlawful and
banned in most sports organizations, making it dangerous to use and not utilizing a prescription. Additionally, the potential side effects of taking
Dianabol alone can be significant and shouldn't be
taken frivolously.
Whereas for resistance train, it is two days per week, targeting all
main muscle groups. Moreover, Dianabol improves glycogenolysis,
which is the breakdown of glycogen into glucose. This process supplies the muscles with a readily available source of
vitality throughout intense workouts, enabling customers to coach
more durable and longer. Dianabol, also called Methandrostenolone, is a extensively used anabolic steroid that may help you obtain these objectives.
One frequent query that arises when utilizing Dianabol
is whether it must be taken earlier than or after a workout for maximum effectiveness.

Consuming whey is important should you plan to continue lifting big weights and working
out onerous while using anabolic steroids. Each ingredient in D-Bal is renowned for its performance-enhancing properties.

We have treated patients with hypertension because
of utilizing Dianabol at the aspect of other anabolic steroids.
We are a staff of health, health, and supplement experts, and content
creators. Over the past 4 years, we now have spent over 123,000 hours researching meals supplements, meal shakes, weight reduction, and healthy
living.
Instead of coping with these potential unwanted effects, why not opt for a safer, legal alternative?

"It ensures fast digestion and is ideal post-workout when quick nutrient supply is desired," Franklyn-Miller
explains. Protein is essential for repairing muscular tissues after a tricky workout, and carbs help replenish the vitality you’ve used
up. This article explores how to time your diet around exercise and physical exercise, with sensible suggestions and examples
to simplify meal planning.
Supplementing with whey protein is a great option as a
end result of anabolic steroids improve the fats in your food regimen, reducing the absorption of amino acids from meals.
Secondly, the beneficial dosage of Dianabol
for novices is 30mg per day, which could be break up into three equal doses.
More experienced customers could take up to 50mg per day, but this will increase the danger of side
effects. It is necessary to begin out with a low
dose and progressively enhance it to search out
the optimum dose on your physique. The recommended dosage for
newbies is usually mg per day, and for extra skilled customers, it could go as much
as 50 mg per day. Nevertheless, it is essential to begin with a
low dose and gradually enhance it to stop potential tadalafil generico unwanted effects.
It Is necessary to make use of Dianabol as a part of a complete bodybuilding program, and to
take the steroid multiple times per day to take care of regular blood ranges.

Dianabol is not recommended for girls due to its potential for virilization.
This product has been expertly formulated to imitate the muscle-building results of Dianabol without
any of the harmful unwanted aspect effects. It Is like Dianabol's smarter, better-looking sibling that gained't get
you into hassle. It gives you all the muscle-building oomph with none of the nasty unwanted effects.
Another reason why solo use of Dianabol just isn't beneficial is due to the need for proper
dosages.
Nevertheless, visceral fats positive aspects are unlikely to be observable
in cautious dosages; therefore, Arnold and different bodybuilders from the Golden Period had been in a place
to keep tiny, vacuumed waists. All oral steroids must be taken away
from food as food can lower the bioavailability of oral
Steroids. D-Bal proves to be an distinctive supplement,
particularly helpful for intense exercises, because it triggers the synthesis of testosterone in males.


References:


www.valley.md



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̯τ־???��ȑо??Ɗ& -- [未验证] Sabina (2025-07-24 14:05:28)
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